In 1931, Spanish King Alfonso XIII authorized elections to decide the government of Spain, and voters overwhelmingly chose to abolish the monarchy in favor of a liberal republic. The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans under Francisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrín. Even though the Spanish Civil War was relatively short, it played a large part in world events. Not only is this the best introductory text on the civil war, but it's also an enlightening read for anyone already... 02. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was between the leftist Republicans, who were in government at the time, and the Nationalists. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. The Spanish Civil War started in 1936 and finished in 1939. They quickly seized political power and institut… Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the…. Germany and Italy aided Franco with an abundance of planes, tanks, and arms, while the Soviet Union aided the Republican side. The Republicans succeeded in putting down the uprising in other areas, including Madrid, Spain’s capital. They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. Franco subsequently served as dictator of Spain until his death in 1975. The republic had existed since the abdication of the Bourbon king Alfonso XIII in 1931. Thanks to Xios, Alan Haskayne, Lachlan Lindenmayer, William Crabb, Derpvic, Seth Reeves and all my other Patrons. The Spanish Civil War (1931-1939) Summary The Spanish Civil War (1931-1939) Page 1 Page 2 Summary On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War included many non-Spaniards participating in combat and advisory positions. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. “The Internationals—United with the Spaniards We Fight the Invader,” poster by Parrilla, published by the International Brigades, 1936–37. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaña, an anticlerical liberal. become enmeshed in the international civil war, which started in earnest with the Bolshevik revolution. In response, socialists launched a revolution in the mining districts of Asturias, and Catalan nationalists rebelled in Barcelona. Shaw was commander of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, perhaps the most famous regiment of African American troops during the war. Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. The Nationalists drove a salient eastward through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in two in April 1938. Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Sevilla (Seville), Granada, and Córdoba. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolini’s Italy and Nazi Germany. 6 episodes. On the night of 17 July 1936, the Spanish army, inspired most of all by General Franco, started the Spanish Civil War by rebelling against the Second Republic. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. After a period of hesitation, Franco agreed to join the military conspiracy, which was scheduled to begin in Morocco at 5 a.m. on July 18 and then in Spain 24 hours later. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. Within three days, the rebels captured Morocco, much of northern Spain, and several key cities in the south. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Man’s Hope (1938) by André Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwell’s memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capa’s photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). Spain operates by the incorrect time zone today because Francisco Franco changed the time to align with Nazi Germany's in 1940. The IWW was an industrial union that rejected the ...read more, The great fire of Rome breaks out and destroys much of the city on this day in the year 64. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Schaeffer’s death helped lead to the passage in California of legislation aimed at preventing stalking. Spanish Nationalists in position along the rugged Huesca front in northern Spain during the Spanish Civil War, December 23, 1936. Many different groups worked together to help the government, the Spanish Republic, to stop him, including socialists, communists, anarchists, and … Later in the year, Franco mounted a major offensive against Catalonia. Meanwhile, Franco flew to Morocco and prepared to bring the Army of Africa over to the mainland. The ...read more. In 1936, Manuel Azaña, a democratically elected Republican, was serving as the president of Spain when a group of the most influential generals from the part of the Spanish army based in Morocco carried out a coup d'etat led by General Francisco Franco. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. There Be Dragons (2011) PG-13 | 122 min | Biography, Drama, War 5. The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europe’s fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Franco’s Nationalists. The Spanish Civil War. ...read more, On July 18, 1986, new close-up videotapes of the sunken ocean liner Titanic are released to the public. In addition, thousands of communists and other radicals from France, the USSR, America, and elsewhere formed the International Brigades to aid the Republican cause. The forces on the left were lead by Azana and were known as Republicans. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The original succession act designated the Senate president pro tempore as the first in line ...read more, Convicted of murder on meager evidence, the singing Wobbly Joe Hill is sentenced to be executed in Utah. The Spanish Civil War (1936–39) came about as a result of an attempted military coup (takeover) against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic. In conservative regions, such as Old Castile and Navarre, the Nationalists seized control with little bloodshed, but in other regions, such as the fiercely independent city of Bilbao, they didn’t dare leave their garrisons. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and North America. Dreams ...read more, On July 18, 1989, the 21-year-old actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered at her Los Angeles home by Robert John Bardo, a mentally unstable man who had been stalking her. They were known as Nationalists. On July 18, 1936, the Spanish Civil War begins as a revolt by right-wing Spanish military officers in Spanish Morocco and spreads to mainland Spain. … A war of attrition began. Still, he did use the disaster to further ...read more, James Oliver Huberty opens fire in a crowded McDonald’s restaurant in San Ysidro, California, killing 21 people and wounding 19 others with several semi-automatic weapons. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. The Republicans and the Nationalists, as the rebels were called, then proceeded to secure their respective territories by executing thousands of suspected political opponents. Up to a million lives were lost in the conflict, the most devastating in Spanish history. Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public. In August 1936, France joined Britain, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy in signing a nonintervention agreement that would be ignored by the Germans, Italians, and Soviets. The Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 was a prominent conflict fought for a multitude of reasons. Updates? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War I—tanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a time—Hermann Göring’s Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. This act revised an older succession act that was passed in 1792 during George Washington’s first term. It began in July of 1936, and waged on until April of 1939. In January 1939, its capital, Barcelona, was captured, and soon after, the rest of Catalonia fell. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. From the Canary Islands, General Francisco Franco broadcasts a message calling for all army officers to join the uprising and overthrow Spain’s leftist Republican government. They are ... See full summary » Director: Frank Beyer | Stars: Ernst Busch, Erwin Geschonneck, Manfred Krug, Edwin Marian. The Nationalist revolt in the Spanish navy largely failed, and warships run by committees of sailors were instrumental in securing a number of coastal cities for the Republic. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. With all these precedents, however, religion defined the Spanish conflict in ways that went beyond any other revolutionary civil war. The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. The Spanish Civil War began on July 17, 1936, when generals Emilio Mola and Francisco Franco launched an uprising aimed at overthrowing the country's democratically elected republic. The war also had mobilized many artists and intellectuals to take up arms. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. Many historians even see the civil war as a foreshadowing of World War II, with the axis and allies supporting opposing sides. For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. Roosevelt, a Democrat, would eventually be elected to a record four terms in office, the only U.S. president to serve more than ...read more, On July 18, 1925, Volume One of Adolf Hitler’s philosophical autobiography, Mein Kampf, is published. Corrections? Obama wrote the book before entering politics; 13 years after it was published, he was elected America’s 44th president. Commander Jones, remembered as one of the most daring and successful naval commanders of the American ...read more. During the first two years of the Republic, organized labor and leftist radicals forced widespread liberal reforms, and the independence-minded region of Catalonia and the Basque provinces achieved virtual autonomy. Nationalist rebels fought against the loyalist Republicans in a war that was widely followed by the international community. This collection consists of miscellaneous notes and correspondence. The Republican government learned of the revolt soon after it broke out but took few actions to prevent its spread to the mainland. The Nationalist rebels' initial efforts to instigate military revolts throughout Spain only partially succeeded. Beevor's concise and detailed account of the Spanish Civil War presents the complex mix of events in a clear manner,... 03. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. Causes of the Spanish Civil War. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. 7 Things You May Not Know About the Spanish Civil War. In June 1938, the Nationalists drove to the Mediterranean Sea and cut Republican territory in two. With the Republican cause all but lost, its leaders attempted to negotiate a peace, but Franco refused. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Spanish Civil War, (1936–39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. All Rights Reserved. On the afternoon of July 17, the plan for the next morning was discovered in the Moroccan town of Melilla, and the rebels were forced into premature action. A native of Sweden who immigrated to the U.S. in 1879, Joe Hill joined the International Workers of the World (IWW) in 1910. W. H. Auden(1907-1973): poet, playwright, librettist, critic, editor, translator; served as a stretcher-bearer for the Loyalists (supporters of the elected government). The Best Books on the Spanish Civil War 01. Fearing that the liberal government would give way to Marxist revolution, army officers conspired to seize power. The Spanish Civil War took place in Spain between 1936 and 1939. What sparked the revolt was the creation of a coalition government On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. On July 18, 1947, President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act. Even the attack style in the Second World War mimicked some of the Spanish battles that took place. On July 18, Spanish garrisons rose up in revolt all across Spain. Republican troops manning a machine gun during the Spanish Civil War, 1937. From, The military uprising started in Morocco on July 17, 1936, and quickly spread to the garrisons of metropolitan Spain. Gen. Francisco Franco's troops in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, late 1930s. How did it all start? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A Mexican auxiliary battalion (fighting on the Republican side) marching through Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, late 1930s. On March 28, 1939, the Republicans finally surrendered Madrid, bringing the Spanish Civil War to an end. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. The Spanish Civil War. Exploding in July 1936, the war in Spain soiled the 20th century; it was among the bloodiest wars ever to take place on the European continent. It was a blueprint of his agenda for a Third Reich and a clear exposition of the nightmare that will envelope Europe from 1939 to 1945. This book presents a new history of the most important conflict in European affairs during the 1930s, the Spanish Civil War. Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. On July 18, 1936, the Spanish Civil War begins as a revolt by right-wing Spanish military officers in Spanish Morocco and spreads to mainland Spain. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. The Spanish Civil War started in July 1936. The difference in time was to allow the Army of Africa time to secure Morocco before being transported to Spain’s Andalusian coast by the navy. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. 1. The Spanish civil war was a major conflict between the Republicans and Nationalists, which was fierce and bloody as over 500,000 people were killed. On July 18, 1995, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, a memoir by a little-known law professor named Barack Obama, is published. Italian troops shelling Navalcarnero, outside Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War, October 1936. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. Spanish Civil War - Military Organizations. The forces on the right were lead by Generals Franco and Sanjurjo. 2. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. In February 1936, new elections brought the Popular Front, a leftist coalition, to power, and Franco, a strict monarchist, was sent to an obscure command in the Canary Islands off Africa. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a war in which General Francisco Franco and his troops successfully took control of Spain. Alfonso went into exile, and the Second Republic, initially dominated by middle-class liberals and moderate socialists, was proclaimed. This failure meant that the Second Republic could never provide a government that could bring stability and prosperity to the country. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Minutes earlier, Huberty had left home, telling his wife, “I’m going hunting…hunting for humans.” Huberty, ...read more, Union Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and 272 of his troops are killed in an assault on Fort Wagner, near Charleston, South Carolina. It all began with a coup d'etat on July, 1936, carried out by a part of the army against the Second Spanish Republic, carefully planned by José Sanjurjo, Emilio Mola (who commanded the uprising) and Francisco Franco among other generals. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The most significant contribution of these foreign units was the successful defense of Madrid until the end of the war. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War. Abraham Lincoln Battalion; Anarchist Brigades; Army of Africa; Assault Guard; Blueshirts; British Battalion; Civil Guard; Condor Legion; Connolly Column; Dajakovich Battalion; Dimitrov Battalion; Fifth Regiment; George Washington Battalion; International Brigades; Black Shirts; Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion; Mickiewicz Battalion By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the region of Catalonia in the northeast. Melilla, Ceuta, and Tetuan were soon in the hands of the Nationalists, who were aided by conservative Moroccan troops that also opposed the leftist government in Madrid. In short, the Spanish Civil War was a melting pot of universal battles between bosses and workers, Church and State, obscurantism and modernization, set in an international context that had been thrown out of balance by crises of democracies and the onslaught of communism and fascism. Book description. Labor unrest was widespread in the early 1930s, and the election of February 16, 1936, brought to power a leftist Popular Front government. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1. The Spanish Civil War was caused by many factors, including major socio-economic problems, such as poverty and inequality. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Taken on the first manned expedition to the wreck, the videotapes are stunning in their clarity and detail, showing one of the ship’s majestic grand staircases and a ...read more, Shortly after leaving a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Senator Edward “Ted” Kennedy of Massachusetts drives an Oldsmobile off a wooden bridge into a tide-swept pond. Despite the well-known stories, there is no evidence that the Roman emperor, Nero, either started the fire or played the fiddle while it burned. Votes: 162 Workers and peasants fought the uprising, but in many cities the Republican government denied them weapons, and the Nationalists soon gained control. As civil war subsequently erupted, Franco ferried his battle-hardened troops from Morocco to the mainland—using planes and boats provided by Benito … Kennedy escaped the submerged car, but his passenger, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, did not. The Spanish Civil War officially began in July 1936, when the 43-year-old Franco led a military coup against the leadership of the Second Spanish Republic, proclaimed in 1931 by a coalition of antimonarchist parties. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict between—depending on their point of view—tyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. The landed aristocracy, the church and a large military clique opposed the Republic, and in November 1933 conservative forces regained control of the government in elections. However, the on of the main causes was all sides’ failure to compromise and to respect the rights and opinions of others. Omissions? During 1937, Franco unified the Nationalist forces under the command of the Falange, Spain’s fascist party, while the Republicans fell under the sway of the communists. Documentary series which uses film and eyewitness accounts from both sides of the conflict that divided Spain in the years leading up to World War Two, also placing it in its international context. The Spanish Civil War - Volume 30 Issue 4 - Helen Graham. A central goal of the rebels was the destruction of left-wing organisations. Five brigadiers are singled out to stay behind in the Spanish Sierras and fend off the fascist enemy while the rest of the troops recede. More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. Political violence became endemic in the country as a consequence, and it escalated until it became a full-scale civil war. The Spanish Civil War in the year 1936. In recent decades, some attempt has been made to study Spanish anticlericalism and to try to understand why it took the form of unprecedented violence. Nevertheless, Franco managed to ferry his Army of Africa over from Morocco, and during the next few months Nationalist forces rapidly overran much of the Republican-controlled areas in central and northern Spain. Nationalist troops in Irun, Spain, during the Spanish Civil War. Until Franco’s death in 1975, the only written history consisted of pro-rebel narratives written by the regime and works by foreign – especially British and North American – historians. General Franco crushed the so-called October Revolution on behalf of the conservative government, and in 1935 he was appointed army chief of staff. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. From Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, 2006 The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 after more than a century of social, economic and political division. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrín, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The governments of Italy, Germany and, to a lesser extent, Portugal contributed money, munitions, manpower and support to Nationalist forces, led by Francisco Franco.The governments of the Soviet Union and, to a lesser extent, France and Mexico, aided the Republicans, … Fort Wagner stood on ...read more, On July 18, 1792, the Revolutionary War naval hero John Paul Jones dies in his Paris apartment, where he was still awaiting a commission as the United States consul to Algiers. 5h 15min | Documentary, History, War | TV Mini-Series (1983– ) Episode Guide. Here, we dig into the matters surrounding the ignition of this destructive Spanish Civil War and major events in its timeline. In rural areas with a strong right-wing political presence, Franco's confederates generally won out. H. N. Brailsford(1873-1958): journalist and author; chaired the Labour Sp… Number of civilians, had fled across the border into France remembered as of! 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And its residents were in government at the Ebro River on November 18, 1986 new! But Franco refused were led by the democracies and relying on aid from the Union! Broke out but took few actions to prevent its spread to the passage in California of legislation aimed at stalking... Massachusetts Infantry, perhaps the most daring and successful naval commanders of the was! Soldiers, together with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a Civil War 1936-39! October 1, 1936, was proclaimed across the border into France is complete and accurate 1935 he named! Spanish garrisons rose up in revolt all across Spain Republicans under Francisco Largo Caballero and, later Juan... Editors will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to the! Planes to aid the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had from... 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